Cardiovascular System, Study Guide Essay Example

Cardiovascular System, Study Guide Paper Chapter 18 The Circulatory System: Blood True / False Questions 1. Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 2. Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 3. Lymphoid hemopoiesis occurs mainly in the bone marrow. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 4. Oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 5. The liver stores excess iron in ferritin. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 6. The most important components of the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 7. A person develops anti-A antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen A, and anti-B antibodies only after he is exposed to antigen B. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 8. Incompatibility of one persons blood with another results from the action of plasma antibodies against the RBCs antigens. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 9. Rh incompatibility between a sensitized Rh+ woman and an Rh- fetus can cause hemolytic disease of the newborn. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 10. Circulating WBCs spend most of their lives in the bloodstream. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiovascular System, Study Guide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiovascular System, Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Cardiovascular System, Study Guide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Topic: Cardiovascular System 11. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies, coordinate action of other immune cells, and serve in immune memory. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 12. Monocytes differentiate into large phagocytic cells. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 13. Coagulation starts with a vascular spasm and ends with the formation of a platelet plug. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 14. Clotting deficiency can result from thrombocytopenia or hemophilia. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 15. After a wound is sealed, tissue repair is followed by fibrinolysis. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System Multiple Choice Questions 16. Blood does not A. transport a variety of nutrients. B. help to stabilize the pH of extracellular fluids. C. participate in the initiation of blood clotting. D. produce plasma hormones. E. elp to regulate body temperature. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 17. The buffy coat does not contain A. lymphocytes. B. granulocytes. C. erythrocytes. D. agranulocytes. E. platelets. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 18. Hematocrit is ____________ of the total blood volume. A. less than 1% B. 47% to 63% C. 25% to 37% D. 42% to 45% E. 37% to 52% Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 19. _____________ is not found in plasma. A. Glycogen B. Fibrinogen C. Glucose D. Urea E. Albumin Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 20. ___________ is a protein not commonly found in plasma. A. Albumin B. Hemoglobin C. Transferrin D. Prothrombin E. Fibrinogen Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 21. _____________ is the most abundant protein in plasma. A. Insulin B. Creatine C. Bilirubin D. Albumin E. Creatinine Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 22. _____________ would not decrease colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in blood. A. Severe liver failure B. A diet predominantly based on red meat C. Starvation D. An extremely low-protein diet E. Hypoproteinemia Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 23. Serum is essentially identical to plasma except for the absence of __________. A. fibrinogen. B. nitrogenous wastes. C. platelets. D. glucose. E. albumin. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 24. Tissues can become edematous (swollen) when A. colloid osmotic pressure (COP) is high. B. there is hyperproteinemia. C. he concentration of sodium and proteins in blood is high. D. hematocrit is high. E. there is a dietary protein deficiency. Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create Section: 18. 1 Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 25. Myeloid hemopoiesis in adults happens in the A. thymus. B. spleen. C. red bone marrow. D. yellow bone marrow. E. liver. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 1 Introd uction Topic: Cardiovascular System 26. The viscosity of blood is due more to _____________ than to any other factor. A. fibrin B. albumin C. sodium D. erythrocytes E. nitrogenous wastes Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. Introduction Topic: Cardiovascular System 27. Erythrocytes transport oxygen and serve to A. defend the body against pathogens. B. initiate blood clotting. C. regulate erythropoiesis. D. transport nutrients. E. transport carbon dioxide. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 28. Most oxygen is transported bound to A. the plasma membrane of erythrocytes. B. alpha chains in hemoglobin. C. beta chains in hemoglobin. D. delta chains in hemoglobin E. heme groups in hemoglobin. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 29. If all the 280 million molecules of hemoglobin contained in RBCs were free in the plasma, A. it would considerably increase blood oxygen carrying capacity. B. it would facilitate delivery of oxygen into tissues irrigated by small capillaries. C. it would facilitate oxygen diffusion into cells distant from blood capillaries. D. it would significantly increase blood osmolarity. E. it would drastically increase osmotic colloid pressure. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 30. An increased erythropoietin (EPO) output by the kidneys would lead to all of the following except A. ncreased hypoxemia. B. increased blood osmolarity. C. increased RBC production. D. increased blood viscosity. E. increased hematocrit. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 31. Many RBCs die in the A. stomach and small intestine. B. red bone marrow. C. spleen and liver. D. lymph nodes and thymus. E. stomach and li ver. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 32. All these can lead to polycythemia except A. cancer of the erythropoietic line of the red bone marrow. B. iron deficiency. C. dehydration. D. emphysema. E. excessive aerobic exercise. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 33. ______________ is more likely to cause anemia than any of the other factors below. A. High altitude B. Air pollution other than by carbon monoxide C. Renal insufficiency D. Smoking E. Any factor that create a state of hypoxemia Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 34. Anemia has these potential consequences except A. blood viscosity is increased. B. the individual is lethargic. C. blood osmolarity is reduced. D. lood resistance to flow is reduced. E. more fluid transfers from the bloodstream to the intercellular spaces. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 35. What is the final product of the breakdown of the organic nonprotein moiety of hemoglobin? A. biliverdin B. bilirubin C. globin D. heme E. iron Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 36. Correction of hypoxemia is regulated by A. a self-amplifying mechanism. B. an enzymatic amplification. C. a positive feedback loop. D. a negative feedback loop. E. a cascade effect. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 37. A deficiency of _____________ can cause pernicious anemia. A. vitamin C B. iron C. vitamin B12 D. EPO secretion E. folic acid Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 38. Sickle-cell disease is not A. caused by a recessive allele that modifies the structure of hemoglobin. B. a hereditary hemoglobin defect. C. advantageous to protect carriers against malaria. D. a cause of malaria. E. a cause of anemia. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 2 Erythrocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 39. The ABO blood group is determined by _____________ in the plasma membrane of RBCs. A. glycolipids B. glycoproteins C. antibodies D. antigen-antibody complexes E. agglutinins Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 40. Type A blood can safely donate RBCs to _____________ and can receive RBCs of type ___________. A. O; AB B. AB; O C. A; B D. B; A E. O; O Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 41. Type AB blood has ____________ RBC antigen(s). A. no B. anti-A and anti-B C. anti-A D. nti-B E. A and B Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 42. RhoGAM is an antibody given to Rh- women who give birth to a Rh+ child. RhoGAM is what type of plasma protein? A. gamma () globulin B. beta () globulin C. alpha () globulin D. fibrinogen E. albumin Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic : Cardiovascular System 43. The universal donor is A. AB, Rh-negative. B. AB, Rh-positive. C. O, Rh-negative. D. O, Rh-positive. E. ABO, Rh-negative. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 4. An individual has type B, Rh-positive blood. The individual has _____ antigen(s) and can produce anti-_____ antibody(ies). A. A and D; B B. B and D; A C. B; A and D D. A; B and D E. D; A and B Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 45. The main reason why an individual AB, Rh-negative cannot donate blood to an individual A, Rh-positive is because A. anti-A antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient. B. anti-A antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor. C. anti-B antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBCs of the recipient. D. anti-D antibodies in the donor will agglutinate RBC of the recipient. E. anti-B antibodies in the recipient will agglutinate RBCs of the donor. Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 46. A womans first pregnancy is normal but her second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), or erythroblastosis fetalis. The second child needed a transfusion to completely replace the agglutinating blood. The mother is most likely type _____ and both children are most likely _____. A. A, Rh-negative; B, Rh-positive B. A, Rh-positive; B, Rh-negative C. O, Rh-negative; AB, Rh-negative D. AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-negative E. AB, Rh-positive; O, Rh-positive Difficulty Level: Evaluate/Create Section: 18. 3 Blood Types Topic: Cardiovascular System 47. These are the least abundant formed elements. A. platelets B. basophils C. erythrocytes D. neutrophils E. eosinophils Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 48. These are the most abundant agranulocytes. A. macrophages B. eosinophils C. monocytes D. lymphocytes E. neutrophils Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 49. Differential count of ______________ typically increases in response to bacterial infections. A. basophils B. monocytes C. erythrocytes D. eosinophils E. neutrophils Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 50. ___________ aid in the bodys defense processes by secreting histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant). A. Eosinophils B. Basophils C. Neutrophils D. Platelets E. Monocytes Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 51. Leukopoiesis begins with the differentiation of A. pluripotent stem cells (PPSCs). B. precursor cells. C. colony-forming units (CFUs). D. myeloblasts. E. lymphoblasts. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 52. Some lymphocytes can survive for A. days. B. weeks. C. months. D. years. E. decades. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 53. A total count above ____________ WBCs/L is called leukocytosis. A. 100,000 B. 50,000 C. 10,000 D. 5,000 E. 1,000 Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 54. All these can cause leukopenia except A. acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). B. lead poisoning. C. radiation therapy. D. dehydration. E. immunosuppressant drugs. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 55. This figure shows the formed elements of blood. What does 7 represent? A. a monocyte B. a lymphocyte C. a neutrophil D. an eosinophil E. a basophil Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 4 Leukocytes Topic: Cardiovascular System 56. Platelets do not secrete A. procoagulants (clotting factors). B. thrombopoietin. C. growth factors. D. vasoconstrictors. E. chemicals that attract neutrophils. Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 57. The cessation of bleeding is specifically called A. vascular spasm. B. homeostasis. C. hemostasis. D. platelet plug formation. E. blood clotting (coagulation). Difficulty Level: Apply/Analyze Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 58. Thromboplastin A. initiates the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. B. initiates the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. C. converts prothrombin into thrombin. D. acts as a potent vasoconstrictor to reduce blood loss. E. dissolves the clot after the tissue has healed. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 59. When a clot is no longer needed, fibrin is dissolved by A. prothrombin. B. thromboplastin. C. kallikrein. D. plasmin. E. platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 60. All of these prevent the spontaneous formation of a clot except A. the presence of tissue thromboplastin. B. the smooth prostacyclin-coated endothelium of blood vessels. C. he dilution of thrombin when blood flows at a normal rate. D. the presence of antithrombin in plasma. E. the presence of heparin in plasma. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 61. Platelets release ____________, a chemical vasoconstrictor that contributes to the vascular spasm. A. heparin B. thro mbin C. thromboplastin D. prostacyclin E. serotonin Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 62. The structural framework of the blood clot is formed by A. oluble fibrinogen. B. soluble fibrin. C. a fibrin polymer. D. a fibrinogen polymer. E. a thrombin polymer. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 63. Most strokes and heart attacks are caused by the abnormal clotting of blood in an unbroken vessel. Moreover, a piece of the ____________ (clot) may break loose and begin to travel in the bloodstream as a(n) ______________. A. thrombus; embolus B. embolism; thrombus C. plaque; thrombus D. thrombosis; plaque E. plaque; embolus Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 64. __________________ participates in the extrins ic mechanism only. A. Calcium B. Prothrombin activator C. Prothrombin D. Thromboplastin E. Thrombin Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System 65. Most clotting factors are synthesized in the A. spleen. B. red bone marrow. C. perivascular tissue. D. kidneys. E. liver. Difficulty Level: Remember/Understand Section: 18. 5 Platelets and Hemostasis The Control of Bleeding Topic: Cardiovascular System If you want to get academic assistance with another task, please contact us! Ascendnaamba essay writing service provides the best writing help, so do not hesitate to fill out our order form.

Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Essay Example

Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Essay Example Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Paper Why Is the Story called Fanny and Annie Paper Essay Topic: Call of the Wild Literature For many people, the title of D. H Lawrences short story seems to be inappropriate in relation to the story, as the title seems to infer that the two main characters in the story are Fanny and Annie. However, this is exceptionally misleading, as Annie is not seen at all within the story. Fanny, is the main character in the story, together with her fiance, Harry. Perhaps, a more suitable title would be Fanny and Harry as the story chronicles their relationship. Much of the tale concerns Fanny and her feelings towards her return to Moresby and her impending marriage to Harry. The first scene is set in the local station where Harry is picking up Annie. The scene is hugely important to the book as it gives the reader certain assumptions about the two main characters, which the reader carries through throughout the story. Her entrance into the story tells the reader a great deal about her personality. Lawrence uses the colour of red and in particular the image of fire, to describe her fiery nature, in the light of the furnace together with, The pulse and darkness of the red fire from the furnace towers in the sky illustrates this point. However, when Fanny meets Harry, the author uses gloomy colours to describe the scene, The flames had sunk, there was a shadow. This image is reinforced by the colour of scarf Harry is wearing, his red-and-black scarf knotted round his neck, this could suggest the two personalities in the relationship, Harrys black drabness coupled with Fannys fiery nature. We later learn that Fanny was once a ladys maid but had rejected that lifestyle to come back to marry her first love, a foundry worker. However, we can see that Fanny is not entirely happy with the scenario she is in, this is best illustrated when she is comparing her arrival with her arrival at Gloucester, her previous dwellings, Compare this with the arrival at Gloucester, the carriage for her mistress, the dogcart for herself everybody so polite to her. This is followed by quotes such as She had come home -for good and more importantly What a comedown! Her relationship with Harry is one she feels committed to by obligation and does not seem to possess a true love for him. We can derive this from the passage from the opening scene when the sky turned dark when she met him. When she thought about Harry her thoughts were not exactly brimming with compliments, He had his attraction even for Fanny and she felt he was like a doom to her. At this stage the reader feels that the only reason that Fanny does not love him is due to his mannerisms, His way was common. An interesting way to look at Fanny is to see her relationships with both her aunt and Mrs. Goodall, Harrys mother. Her Aunt Lizzie seems to be very knowledgeable about Fannys situation The two women sat and talked far into the night. They understood each other. Lizzie seems to be against the marriage and believes Fanny is going into it for the wrong reasons, You cant wonder you know, child, if he doesnt seem so keen, its your own fault. Fannys answer typifies her feelings towards Harry, Oh aunt, I couldnt stand him when he was keen. I can do with him a lot better now The fact that Fanny can just do with him shows Fannys true feelings towards the relationship. Lizzy attitude toward her nieces predicament is displayed after Fanny has gone, Poor Aunt Lizzie, she cried woefully over her bright niece when she had gone to bed. Fannys relationship with her future mother-in-law, Mrs. Goodall is somewhat different, Between Fanny and Mrs. Goodall, his mother, there was naturally no love lost. Lawrence uses Mrs. Goodall as a direct contrast to Fanny, Mrs Goodall has a distinct hate of the upper class, She fairly hated the sound of correct English. This seems like a match made in hell, however we see that Mrs. Goodall does have a slight liking towards Fanny, For Mrs. Goodall was impressed by Fanny a woman of her own match or perhaps because she had been left two Hundred Pounds by her Aunt Kate. This shows the reader how Fanny is perceived by other people. What the reader can deduce from this is that Fanny seems to get on with people despite the fact that she seems to look down on the residents of Moresby. Annie has a more abstract role in the story. Annie has a very small part to play in the story. In fact, we do not see her at all. However, her impact on the story is unmistakable. Annie comes from a very poor family, shes a tanger-s We know her mother, Mrs Nixon is a rather evil woman, as we can see from the description that Harry is relating to Fanny, Shed half-kill if they made a mark on the floor. This apparently turned Annie into a bit of a wildchild, Ay, she is alright. But she is always in an out th pubs with th fellows. Mrs. Nixon berates Harry for causing Annie to get pregnant. She first reveals this in a church. This is very important, as the church has great meaning to the story. The church is the symbol of love in Fannys life. She first went their with her first fianci Luther, the true love of her life, her cousin Luther at her side, young, clever as well as where she had the most admiration for Harry, for he was a soloist in the choir where he had a certain winsomeness, the church itself had been vividly depicted by Lawrence, and again the little old chapel was a bower, this is all done to build up the moment on the unsuspecting reader. The author does this to make the reader feel the same sense of disbelief about the accusation as the rest of the congregation did, Fanny, startled like the rest. At this point the plot changes completely, no more is Harry the man who was not very marked and becomes this womaniser who has copulated with a young girl. In one moment, Fanny goes from aggressor to victim and Harry from victim to aggressor. However, in my opinion Fanny knows more about Mrs Nixon and her daughter Annie, for she has seen Mrs Nixon before, Fanny stared across the darkness, and saw a woman with a black bonnet what is interesting as black was the colour used to describe Harry in the first scene. Black symbolises mystery and seediness, which the story turned into after Mrs Nixons revelations. Fanny seems to have accepted Harrys past after Harry admitted sleeping with her, it is no more mine than any other chaps and her role as the victim is confirmed when she chooses to stay in Harrys house after he had admitted it, Ill stop with you tonight, mother. Calling Mrs. Goodall mother is telling the reader that she is still going to marry Harry, despite his past misdemeanours. Harrys behaviour is Lawrences message to society. The story written in 1921, the year women got the vote, hence, became emancipated. However, in most places, especially in the Industrial Midlands and the North, men still had a very low regard for women. Harry seems to treat women like sex objects. He is marrying Fanny despite the fact that she had already rejected him once. This means he must realise that fanny does not love him, but he still is going ahead with the wedding. This coupled with the fact that he slept with an underage girl, Thatll not get you out of it, in court shows us that he treats women with disdain and gives them little respect. Harry, though does not seem to be bothered with the outcome of his escapades and it seems that the local community seem to believe him rather than Mrs Nixon. Lawrence is trying to show the public that if a woman had done what Harry had done then she would be labelled a Whore or a strumpet and would be ex-communicated from the community. However, men represented by Harry seem to get away with this sort of behaviour. The author is also attacking the institution of marriage. Most of the marriages in the book were false. Fanny and Harrys relationship is also seemingly doomed. In the 1920s women started coming out of failed relationships. However, the culture beforehand was just to grin and bear it, which Lawrence is deploring.

Personal and professional development report Essay

Personal and professional development report - Essay Example In the many groups that I have been a member of, I have not had any conflicts with any member of the group. For that reason, I consider myself a diplomat, a good team worker and more importantly an eloquent orator with unquestionable communication skills. Nevertheless, for so many years I have never imagined that conflict can negatively impact the effectiveness of communication that in turn impinge on the quality of work done. This was not until I experienced in a group where I was a member. The discussion in this paper reflects the situation that took place last semester to help develop and utilize my personal skills while avoiding conflicts so as to maintain a good rapport with other team members in the future. Our lecturer instructed us to form groups so that we could present a report on ‘Diversity and Conflict Management.’ Most of the groups had an average of 4 to 5 members. In our group, we were four boys and one lady. The lady was tasked with the responsibility of leading the group. As the leader, she split the topic in various sub-topics and assigned each member a certain sub-topic. Shortly thereafter, we were joined by a new member. Sadly, there were rifts between the lady and the new member that arose from misunderstandings on how the tasks were been delegated. I tried to resolve the problem between them, but my efforts were fruitless as I had never experienced it there before. Notably, the rest of my colleagues did not make take any meaningful action in a bid to help resolve the issue. Consequently, the girl opted to withdraw from our group, an effect that made us not attain a high grade on that assignment. First, the feedback of the presentation was fundamentally important as it helped me realize the importance of good communication among team members. Unarguably, the team could have achieved higher grades if only there were no conflicts. I was pleased to work with other team

The Yellow Wallpaper Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Yellow Wallpaper - Movie Review Example When one of his scams (perhaps involving back-alley plastic surgery and/or low-dollar sex change operations) goes terribly wrong, ending in a patient's death, man and wife find themselves in a high speed chase with police. It is at this point that the movie will begin and these first two characters will be introduced. The chase should be realistic (absolutely no C.G.I. stunts) and should end with John and Charlotte having a spectacular (yet believably survivable) crash. [Car has landed upside down, smoke emanates across a ground littered with broken glass, and JOHN, blood trickling down the side of his head, drags himself from the wreckage as police close in with guns drawn. He throws up his hands and falls face down to the to the pavement] JOHN: It wasn't me! It wasn't me! I was just a hostage! She's crazy!! [Camera change to the unconscious and blood-soaked face of CHARLOTTE. Fade to black with John's screams of innocence. Maintain black screen as red-colored text appears: SIX MONTHS LATER. Fade from black to scene. Setting is a prison visitation window] CHARLOTTE: You have to tell them (we see Charlotte, wearing a bright yellow prisoner's jumpsuit. Her face still bears small scars from the accident, the most obvious of which is a discolored, almost yellowish scar on her forehead). CHARLOTTE and YELLOW WOMAN: DON'T YOU WALK AWAY FROM ME, YOU SON OF A BITCH... [JOHN shows no emotion in his face as he hangs up the phone, stands up, gathers his things, and walks away. Again, next line should be spoken simultaneously] CHARLOTTE and YELLOW WOMAN: DON'T YOU WALK AWAY FROM ME, YOU SON OF A BITCH!!! You know I wasn't the one responsible for this! I'm NOT CRAZY JOHN! We KNOW it! [Prison guards start to restrain her as her rant continues. At the mention of "we," however, JOHN stops in his tracks] JOHN: And just who are "we," exactly Was there ever a "we" Are you even talking about you and me CHARLOTTE: (Breathing heavily and speaking/growling through gnashed teeth) One day, John One day we'll get out of here. We'll get out and you'll find out who we are. From this scene, the audience will be introduced to Charlotte's cell in solitary confinement. The cell should have faded yellow wallpaper or yellow painted walls. Charlotte and the Yellow lady will devise a plan to escape and take revenge on John, who has now re-married a wealthy young heiress and taken custody of his and Charlotte's young child. After escaping, Charlotte and the Yellow Woman will exact a plan of revenge on John and his new wife. The baby, however, remains something that the Yellow Woman refuses to allow Charlotte to acknowledge the existence of, which will be the source of several instances of conflict between the

Strategic Marketing and Marketing planning process Essay

Strategic Marketing and Marketing planning process - Essay Example Therefore, it can be said that the goal of strategic marketing is in defining the course the business should take in order to achieve its strategic goals. At the same time, unlike tactical marketing, which is focused on strategy implementation, strategic marketing involves actual development of the strategy to be implemented. Based on company’s business objectives, strategic marketing deals with determining who the potential customers are, why they would buy the product or service, what it would take them to purchase and so on (Ignite Marketing Group, LLC, 2009). Consequently, strategic marketing performs such functions as market research and segmentation, targeting, and positioning the product. Completed, these tasks then become the basis for conducting an effective marketing campaign, which, in order to be effective, have be well planned. The marketing planning process, therefore, is the process of planning a marketing campaign for the product or service on the basis of information gathered from market research. However, the very first data to consider in the process of marketing planning is the overall business’ goals and objectives, because the actual goal of marketing is to achieve the set goals (Rooney, 2004). On this matter White and Uva (2000) distinguish three levels of planning activities that help businesses in defining their marketing strategies. According to the authors (White and Uva, 2000), they are: However, the strategic marketing plan, being the link between organization’s objectives and practical implementation of chosen strategies, is an essential element of the planning process, because it determines particular and precise goals and strategies to be implemented to achieve those goals. The very first thing to define in the process of marketing planning is company’s mission, meaning its orientation in the market – what

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks

Quality Performance of Streaming Video(s) over Networks   ABSTRACT Video-based sharing services have gained a rapid fluctuation in users over recent years with the help of the ever-growing internet availability, reaching even the most rural of areas, gaining an increasing share in the multimedia market. Online streaming videos should fulfil strict quality of service constraints. Internet streaming relies upon packet transmission; there are varying influences such as delays, packet loss, transmission errors, data loss and bandwidth restrictions that all influence the quality and playability of a video. This causes serious problems for the end user as the producers of videos rely on the end-users. Therefore, the results of this paper can help users determine whether they can view videos in a high quality whilst preserving smooth video transmission. With the use of detailed diagrams, we can see how the network reacts to buffering, low network speeds and congestion in-order to keep sending video data. Keywords: YouTube, streaming, video, video streaming, network measurement, QoS, TCP, RTSP INTRODUCTION During the last 10 years theres been a significate growth of the internet video streaming websites such as YouTube (USA), Vimeo (USA), Twitch (USA), Daily Motion (France), Vevo (USA) have grown exponentially in popularity and by viewing the growth of the internet and more and more gadgets connecting to the internet [6], they will keep growing. YouTube alone have over one billion users [4], which in return equates to billions of video requests every day. Global Consumer Internet Video for 2016 is 29,046PB (petabyte), the year 2017 is estimated at 38,297 with a steady yearly increase of 14,000PB[7]. This therefore causes a strain on the internet service providers (ISPs) to increase bandwidth in order to provide stronger/wider and faster broadband connectivity to accommodate such growth. This in comparison to File sharing such as peer-to-peer which includes the likes of BitTorrent which in 2016 was calculated at 5,938PB and has declined to 5,858PB in 2017 with a slight variance there-on -after. In North America alone, YouTube accounts of 17.9% of bandwidth whereas the likes of BitTorrent only account for 2.7% [8]. The most important part of accumulating a vast growth of users and popularity is the fact that YouTube is free, from viewing videos, upload your own videos, streaming live or following your favourite channels. It can all be done by signing up to a free account, this ensures that the website can be viewed by a wider audience rather than those of that can legally pay and older, there is a small compromise to pay in the form of adverts randomly placed in-between or at the beginning of videos. Coupled with the fact that YouTube has now offered to pay YouTubers real currency for the popularity of their own videos ensures an even higher number of users.   They have recently launched a premium service called YouTube Red, which is their premium service to those willing to pay $10 a month; the benefits include Google Play Music subscription, ad-free videos and premium content not available to free users [9]. YouTube does not have many competitors that can match its popularity but there are some in the likes of Vimeo who have over 100 million visitors per month [10] and a more artistic community where promotional and corporate videos are prohibited, they have four tiers of accounts; Free, Plus, PRO or business each varying is ways from their counterparts. However, a very important difference between the two in the way videos are played. Vimeo uses a constant rate factor (CRF) of 20 whereas YouTube incorporates variable bitrate mode, which allows for lower overall bitrates while maintaining quality. YouTube allows 60fps, 4K 3D, Vimeo does not, and this is a reason why Vimeo is not as large as YouTube. YouTube has a leading edge compared to others in the respect that where others have strictly controlled content, normally professionally produced, YouTube does not; videos can be uploaded by anyone whom has access to the internet. Interne t Connection has high unpredictability rates in the regards of latency and speed reliability, which all depends on location and ISPs with traffic times, network infrastructure and work load. Videos viewed via the internet is more problematic compared to say, television, thus, YouTube infrastructure manages playback using various methods. BODY Transmission from client to server YouTube uses Real-Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) is an application-level protocol, which controls delivery of data with real-time properties; it enables controlled, on-demand delivery of real-time data, such as audio and video [11]. The server starts by sending small RTP (Real-Time Transport Protocol) packets, the data in a bitrate chosen, is sent to the client where their buffer is loaded only slightly before playback occurs. This ensures that not too much bandwidth is used in case the user decides not to continue playing the video, as users dont have a static internet connection, if the user or YouTubes servers recognise inconsistencies in the connection e.g. packet loss, an altered bitrate can be used instead e.g. the server sends the video but in a reduced encoding rate. When it comes to video playback, smooth transmission is key, without it users grow tired of continual pausing, dropped frames etc. and leave, this cannot do. Therefore, the use of TCP ensures pre-fetching and buf fering to ensure smooth playback. As bandwidth is something of an issue when loading videos constantly whilst ensuring smooth continuous playback, TCP guarantees reliable transmission for a no-loss of frames. It also has probing bandwidth and congestion control which will attempt to use all available bandwidth for fetching content as soon as possible. However as YouTube has introduced live streaming in 2015 which opts for UDP (User Datagram Protocol), an application layer protocol, UDP is used because minimum pre-fetching can be done where buffering and pausing is somewhat of a nuisance and should be reduced at all cost as everything is live. It is conjoined with RTSP, another application layer protocol which helps with video streaming. A major drawback of using UDP is that firewalls from ISP or companies are not in favour of allowing the protocol, which cause video traffic and throttling problems. However, with the advantage of lower overhead, the compensation of a few dropped pack et will suffice. In order to deliver videos the use of Content Delivery Networks (CDN), it works by using a globally distributed network of proxy servers, whose job it is to serve content to end-users (the users who are watching the videos) at high performance, where, when a user clicks on a video it is served from the nearest Data Centre from their geolocation. YouTube, before the buyout from Google used LimeLight Networks (LLNW), afterwards Google built their own CDN. Most CDN servers are configured to support web services, therefore streaming over HTTP goes hand in hand, and most firewalls are configured to allow HTTP traffic. The usage of DASH (Dynamic Adaptive Streaming) over HTTP is common practice where the video is split into chunks of various resolutions thus, the player can easily switch into another resolution when the internet bandwidth changes which equates to smooth playback. Video Playback Quality As of January 2015, YouTube migrated to HTML5 for its default web player. YouTube first checks to see if the clients browser supports both, HTML5, H.264 codec or WebM VP8. Many browsers support an in-built flash player, which removes the need for installation of Adobe Flash Player, which has seen a decline in usage, with the amount of resources it requires and security flaws [14]. In addition, as devices such as Apple do not have support for flash there is a large market excluded. The use of HTML5s Adaptive Bitrate (ABR) is key [Figure 1]; it allows the player to switch resolutions based on users network quality. This has reduced buffering by more than 50% globally and as much as 80% on heavily congested networks [15]. YouTube switched from progressive downloads to adaptive bitrate streaming to allow for switching of quality without the need to re-buffer and start from the beginning. YouTube is constantly analysing connection speeds between the client and server, when it detects the bandwidth is deteriorating, a lower bitrate video stream is selected, in order to create a seamless playback experience for the end-user the buffer stream is loaded a few seconds ahead of your current position. From the users perspective, the key trait of a network is Quality of Service (QoS) of the content they are streaming. Whilst using HTTP, video transmission is reliable, HTTP reassures the user that there is no packet loss or video disturbance. Experiments Buffering over various internet speeds With the use of Wireshark, various experiments were done to see how packets are send from YouTube to client whilst watching a video under different network conditions and playback quality. To extract only YouTube video packet data, the filter tcp.port eq 443 was used, all graphs were set to a tick interval of 1 second with a pixel per tick of 10 and the units used in the graph are packets/Tick with a scale of 10000, all data is coming from Wi-Fi only. Buffering Time over Wi-Fi connectivity (No Throttling) using a forced 720p video Figure 2, displayed above shows a YouTube clip, which spans a total of 8:36 minutes. The graph depicts a burst of data thats sent initially on load. After the few second burst, the data rate reduces considerably. YouTube server initially sends the video as soon as possible for the initial buffering before significantly reducing the sending rate. Once the video has buffered fully, the rate of packet sending drops to near zero. Buffering Time over 3G connectivity (1.5mb/s, 750kb/s) using a forced 720p video Figure 3 depicts how a YouTube video is loaded whilst on a 3G connection; the clip used is the same as Figure 2, for comparative reasons. The burst seen in the graph spans for a greater period than on a faster connection. The video instantly plays but YouTubes server loads data for longer before finally reducing the frequency of data being sent. The player buffers for a quarter length from the current position of the playing position before finally stopping for a brief moment to allow catch-up, which can be depicted on the graph where the throttle rate drops to This is mainly due to QoE, which is based on human perception, where the user doesnt care for statistics such as packet loss etc. but rather in the quality of their video, they want to be able to view the video as soon as possible and at the best quality that is available. Buffering Time over GPRS connectivity (50kb/s, 20kb/s) and the effects of having a reduced bandwidth Figure 4 depicts the packets that are received whilst on a GPRS connection, reduction in the transmission rate in-turn has resulted in bandwidth significantly reduced, the impact almost certainly forces re-buffering to occur, which reduces the QoE for the user. This results in a longer queuing delay at network nodes and increases server-to-user delays, as the graph shows, the amount of data stored by the inbuilt players buffer is diminutive, as the initial burst did not store enough on load, the video is constantly buffering and playing leading to an endless need to re-buffer to continue. This can be seen at seconds; 120, 145 165, with seconds; 135, 150, 160 being the periods in which data is being transmitted, which consequently dont last long as periods of re-buffering flow directly afterwards. Video delivery over various video quality Figure 5 shows how a single video is re-loaded and buffered from the users current position. Each time a quality change is introduced, the video stops for a brief moment and the buffer pool is restocked with the new video quality data. The higher the quality of video, the more data is introduced initially to ensure that the video starts immediately, as the graph depicts, the lower the quality, the less of an initial burst is needed, as the size of the video is equitably reduced too, YouTube therefore can send all the data for the video quickly. As the video quality is higher, the size of the video being transmitted will also be higher. Network Speed Download Upload Regular 3G 750 kb/s 250kb/s Good 3G 1.5 Mb/s 750 Kb/s Regular 4G 4 Mb/s 3.0 Mb/s Compare this to a mobile phone when outside using data connection for example, 3G 4G connection, as there are many more collisions and obstructions whilst outside compared to a consistent Wi-Fi signal, the results are very different. With the location of the user a key aspect of reliable data transmission and how close the user is to the radio tower. Quality Duration 1080p 0 100s 720p 101s 200s 480p 210s 300s 360p 301s 400s 240p 401s 500s 144p 501s 600s By using network-measuring tools, figure 6 depicts the measurements taken for a single video to load over various qualities via regular 3G, good 3G and regular 4G connection. The results vary compared to Wi-Fi where the transmission is reliable, there are fluctuations in the transmission and the amount of data being sent, whereas Wi-Fi could send a considerable amount in the initial burst of the loading, 3G and 4G do not. Starting with regular 3g, 1080p, 720 and 480p quality videos spend a considerable amount buffering. There was not an initial burst of data that YouTubes servers transmitted, as network speeds were low, the first few seconds where spent buffering and then the video played, the video soon after paused, as buffering had to recommence to gather more data. The results show that in the initial stages of buffering with 4G connection, the amount of packets being sent are high, this is to ensure the user is able to view the video as soon as possible without interference, as the bandwidth is high, a large amount of packets can be sent, this ensures no pausing. YouTube servers application layer is not greedy where it feeds the TCP stack at a rate given by the private throttling algorithm. The TCP layer manages the buffering, when the transmission rate at TCP layer is reduced, the data that cannot be transmitted begins to be stored in the buffer, which can be seen in the 144p portion from 510 seconds onwards. However, when the buffer is occupied, the TCP layer is blocked from sending more data. This can also be shown via YouTubes stats for nerds feature [Figure 7], where when the video is done buffering to the max size of the video file, the network activity drops to a dead 0. With the more limited bandwidth of 3G connectivity, the video has to buffer for longer as with the capped transmission rate, not as much video data can be sent with more frequent throttling. Conclusion Overall, it is clear that the higher the quality, the more bandwidth is needed in-order to view the content with no interference. Limiting bandwidth had effects on the overall quality where YouTube would automatically decrease or increase the quality accordingly. Looking at the graphs produced, choosing to view content at a high quality on speeds of, for example, 3G will result in a in-viewable experience where the end-user will have to wait considerable amounts of time to even view small portions of content. The results of viewing video show that YouTubes progressive download algorithm starts by transferring an initial burst of data at the end users maximum available bandwidth and then uses a sophisticated throttling algorithm to implement a data rate that is more suited. This is key in making sure the user gets to view the video as soon as possible without tirelessly needed to pause and wait for the buffer pool to fill again. QoE is an important factor that YouTube have taken into consideration to ensure that even if the user has a limited bandwidth, by using DASH, they are always able to view the video even if it is at the lowest quality available. For smooth transmission of high quality video, bandwidth should be atleast >=3mbps. Where enjoyable watching on medium quality should start at least 1Mbps. References Yabe, M., Yokota, S. and Nakajima, T. (2006). A Quality Evaluation of High-Speed Video Streaming on Congested IP Networks. IEEEXplore, [online] p.1. Available at: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1593437/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Tech-faq.com. (2017). How Television Broadcasting Works. [online] Available at: http://www.tech-faq.com/how-television-broadcasting-works.html [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. Thetoptens.com. (2017). Top 10 Best Alternatives To YouTube TheTopTens ®. [online] Available at: https://www.thetoptens.com/best-alternatives-youtube/ [Accessed 13 Mar. 2017]. MakeUseOf. (2017). 21 Amazingly Interesting YouTube Facts in 2016. [online] Available at: http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/21-amazingly-interesting-youtube-facts-2016/ [Accessed 14 Mar. 2017]. Youtube.com. (2017). Statistics YouTube. [online] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/yt/press/en-GB/statistics.html [Accessed 19 Mar. 2017]. 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[online] Available at: https://www.bbconsult.co.uk/blog/why-nobody-uses-flash-anymore [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. The Verge. (2015). YouTube drops Flash for HTML5 video as default. [online] Available at: http://www.theverge.com/2015/1/27/7926001/youtube-drops-flash-for-html5-video-default [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Figure 1 Video Used: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq2Kum-eG8g Szigeti, T. and Hattingh, C. (2017). QoS Requirements of Video > Quality of Service Design Overview. [online] Ciscopress.com. Available at: http://www.ciscopress.com/articles/article.asp?p=357102seqNum=2 [Accessed 30 Mar. 2017].

Cosmology :: Essays Papers

No one knows how the universe began but there are many theory’s, and ideas man has created to explain how we got here and how everything else around us came to be. There are many different cosmologies. Cosmologies are theories of how the universe began. Physical, biblical, and mythical are theory’s based on personal beliefs. Some people don’t give the universe a second thought and like to stick to what they were first told. Others such as philosophers tend to explore all options and all aspects of how we came to. How did we become, how do we become, and what will we become are great questions. An even greater question is how everything we know did and even things we don’t know become? We probably in this lifetime will never know entirely, but if we do soon, that will be an even greater step for man than walking on the moon. Physical theories such as the big bang are based upon the universes finger prints. Radio active fingerprints that is. We can trace back a single pebble to at least 13.73 Billion years ago. The big bang theories are based off some theories you may or may not know like the string theory. The sting theories itself has many different theories based on it and many mathematical equations based on thoughts. Physical theories are well beloved by scientist, and have a lot of circumstantial evidence that back them up. But no one theory is 100% perfect. They all have a flaw in them somewhere. Biblical Theory’s are very unreliable and do not have a lot of evidence to prove them. Genesis 1 states. â€Å"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Now the earth was formless and empty, darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said "Let there be light," and there was light. God saw that the light was good and he separate the light from the darkness. God called the light day, and the darkness night. And there was evening, and there was morning.-the first day." Now this is all fine and dandy, but "God" has not told us how he came to be, or how when he said light it was just there cause he said it. Well if there was no light before how did "God" even know about light? Was he just living by himself in the darkness not doing anything so he got bored one day and decided to create life.